Pat Lyon At The Forge Essay -- John Neagle Artist Painter

Pat Lyon at The Forge John Neagle painted the picture Pat Lyon at the Forge somewhere in the range of 1826 and 1827. Only 50 years after the start of the American Revolution, this work of art shows the amount America had advanced. Neagle's representation is an incredible festival of gainful work (p 281) and the, pioneering and business energies that 'changed' the nation (p 8). It passes on the idea of 'republican equity' (p 241) that Wood talks about and how was significant it was to the pioneers of the Revolution. While pictures had before been a 'selective extravagance of the privileged' (p 354), Neagle's representation is a break from that custom. The canvas portrays a metal forger working in his fashion with a little youngster, perhaps a student, looking on behind him. Pay Lyon looks in no way like a blue-blood. He is a worker, working diligently with his shirt unfastened and sleeves moved up. In customary European culture, honorable men didn?t work, just average citizens did. ?The benevolence for which refined men were known meant opportunity ? opportunity from material want?and opportunity from having ...

Founding Fathers of Psychology Essay Example for Free

Establishing Fathers of Psychology Essay These four men that we are going to discuss are a portion of the, if not the most notable individuals in brain science. One created brain research as a way of thinking and distributed the primary book regarding the matter which opened the entryway for another to build up his hypotheses. A long time after the book came out another scholar was roused to investigate the human psyche and this time with an all the more logically basic brain and approach, there was a typical explanation individuals had issue, he simply was not positive what. This lead two of his understudies to proceed onward and one spotlight on the individual versus what the larger part has an issue with and ensured that treatment concentrated on them. The second glanced more top to bottom into what normally came into our inner mind and how that influenced us and our turn of events. These were the non-official establishing fathers of brain research. This man never at any point rehearsed medication yet, in the wake of moving on from Harvard he proceeded to turn into a persuasive individual in brain science (Stone, 2000). Notwithstanding numerous different things that William James did to help with the field of brain research, particularly the mental parts of religion he additionally fiddled with the utilization of logical strategies to explore the for the most part immaculate profound and mystic domain. He was additionally the first to battle for brain research to be perceived as a science, everybody after him has him to thank for the qualification as a science (Croce, 2010). The manner in which he battled was only a progressively irregular method of going about it, he didn't care to be called analyst, in reality he favored the term rationalist (Goodwin, 2008). He inevitably built up a place that would turn into the establishment for the utilitarian clinicians, this was known as practicality. This depended on the conviction that an individual had command over what they do and life changes those encounters. This lead to a book that would change the manner in which individuals took a gander at brain research as something to pay attention to, the Principles of Psychology turned into the main course reading type distribution regarding this matter which prompted individuals like Sigmund Freud and others to build up their speculations too. Freud is one of the most celebrated of all, when anybody considers brain science that has not glancing top to bottom into its history will consistently consider Freud. Freud was not as far as possible individuals depict him either if something appeared to be unreasonably harming for his patient it was halted (Chessick, 2000). Therapy is difficult for everybody on the circumstance since it dives profound into what makes an individual demonstration the manner in which they do. Freud was said to have an extraordinary way to deal with his patients for his time allotment. He understood that when an individual discovers some new information or encounters something new it does in fact change something about that individual, he additionally realized that the past had something do with it and that there were layers of awareness to an individual that has an impact too. He made them a piece of their treatment and tuned in to what they asked for from their treatment as opposed to directing to them what they ought to do to pass the time (Frank, 2008). He needed his patients to have the option to be free with themselves and learning their own preventions that may shield them from accomplishing something that they ought to do to occupy their time. He needed them to be their own individual and not kept down by whatever has carried them to him. Freud himself concentrated more on relegating a general explanation behind individuals to carry on the manner in which they did which is the thing that impacted his understudies to stretch out. Alfred Adler joined Freud’s psychoanalytic development in 1902, yet he left the gathering in 1911 as a result of tireless conflicts with Freudian hypothesis (Overholser, 2010). This methodology that Adler made was known as the Individualistic methodology this methodology centers exclusively around the patient and what encounters have formed them through an amazing span. This is one of the most inside and out approaches to psychoanalyze individuals, understanding the apparent imperfection in Freud’s hypothesis; he investigated what made the individual one of a kind and how that changed their human experience. This improves the one so that in the end that one will go out into society and become liable for themselves and each other as great individuals from it. Adler kept on accepting that Freud had made a point by glancing back at ones adolescence for answers but instead than concentrating on the sexual root to the issue, he concentrated on the emotions that came out of a circumstance (Lafountain, 2009). For instance, in the event that one grew up reluctant to assume responsibility for circumstances since another person consistently did it for them, they could experience difficulty sometime down the road attempting to be accountable for themselves or others. Subsequent to concentrating with Freud he proceeded to concentrate on how society influences an individual and how that individual capacities in the public arena. He accepted there were three things an individual expected to achieve in life to be a sound socially disapproved of individual. First is the assignment of discovering how to endure, work, keeping up ones house, the capable things. Second is participating and being polite just as deferential to society. Third are personal connections, having kids, companions, a life partner. Each of the three of these were vital to being a typically working individual in the public eye (Lafountain, 2010). Fundamentally an individual is one of a kind in almost all parts of their life and that should be considered in every single case from brain research to educating in light of the fact that not every person is going to fit together well. Carl Jung, as with Adler was motivated and impacted by Freud in the early long stretches of his vocation and likewise with that came the possible difference and him heading out in his own direction. He re-imagined some of terms that we are increasingly acquainted with today. He gave us the terms; loner, outgoing individual, cognizant, oblivious, aggregate oblivious, persona, model, and all the more significantly mind. These were terms to improve and arrange various procedures going on in the mind at some random second, one of the other increasingly significant and less evident is the hypothesis of aggregate obviousness, this is the conviction that on the whole people have a mental information that they can draw on that is intrinsic in our hereditary make-up (Carter, 2011). This was firmly trailed by the prime examples which without aggregate oblivious as a hypothesis would not be doable, the models are what those musings are comprised of in the aggregate oblivious, something like inborn nature that says we are innately expected to fear things that would do us hurt. Contemplating this brings out what is instinctual in people versus what is something that they know about doing, much like Freud’s subliminal idea hypothesis. Both concurred that there are things that are in people that are oblivious and simply occur and those should have been considered and comprehended too (Carter, 2010). Jungian supporters accepted that like Freud dreams had meaning however in Jung’s school this permitted the individual examining the fantasies to free partner the significance dependent on their own insight into folklore and life versus what might be from the individual who is being broke down own life. The idea was that aggregate oblivious would make the examiner arrive at the right resolution dependent on oblivious contemplations going to and fro between the two. These four people formed brain research as what it is today, the two of them by implication and straightforwardly affected each other in any event, when some of them never met and history has lessened their achievements. James began everything with the psyche of a savant who delighted in the solidness of what science demonstrated yet in addition the secret of what it left open. Freud was a scholar who thought more as a researcher and accordingly opened that the cerebrum has shrouded data in it that should have been found to realize what makes an individual themselves. This drove Jung and Adler to take his standards and develop them where they concurred and where they oppose this idea. Without them brain science would not be the place it is today and you can see small amounts of what they contributed since its commencement. . References Carter, D. (2011). CARL JUNG IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY. Contemporary Review, 293(1703), 441. Chessick, R. D. (2000). Therapy at the Millennium. American Journal Of Psychotherapy, 54(3), 277. Croce, P. J. (2010). Coming to past Uncle William: An era of William James in principle and throughout everyday life. History Of Psychology, 13(4), 351-377. doi:10. 1037/a0021106 Frank, G. (2008). A reaction to The pertinence of Sigmund Freud for the 21st century. . Psychoanalytic Psychology, 25(2), 375-379. doi:10. 1037/0736-9735. 25. 2. 375 Goodwin, C. J. (2008). A History of Modern Psychology (third ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Lafountain, R. (2009). Alfred Adlers Place in the Field of Psychology. Washington, District of Columbia, US: APA Division 1, Society for General Psychology. Overholser, J. C. (2010). Psychotherapy that endeavors to empower social intrigue: A mimicked meet with Alfred Adler. Diary Of Psychotherapy Integration, 20(4), 347-363. doi:10. 1037/a0022033 Stone, A. A. (2000). Pictures in psychiatry: William James, 1842-1910. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(10), 1583-1583. Recovered from http://search. proquest. com/docview/220496188? accountid=35812.

Destination India Inside International Recruitment at Illinois

Destination India Inside International Recruitment at Illinois Happy Fall Yall! So what really happens during an international recruitment trip? How do you get from point A to B? Id love to share with you a little about my last international recruitment trip to India and hopefully provide a little insight into what really happens when Illinois travels abroad. Ill start off by admitting somethingthis was my first trip to India. I was so excited to visit a new country and experience a new culture. One of my favorite parts of my job is meeting new students from all over the world and learning more about their cultures. I really had no idea what to expect for my first trip, but I was ready for whatever adventure or challenge was thrown my way. International recruitment isnt always a glamorous as people think it is. One of the biggest challenges can be the language barrier or learning the cultural norms in each new country. Traveling for work can be hard, so it is important to take time and appreciate the culture whenever you can in between visits. I was fortunate enough to arrive one day before our visits started, so knowing I had a busy 2.5 weeks a head of me I took the time to visit the Taj Mahal. Let me tell youthe pictures do not do the Taj Mahal justice. It is gorgeous and massive. I definitely recommend checking out the UNESCO website f or more information about why the Taj was built. Here are just a couple of fun pictures of me in front of the Taj. I will also add it was extremely hot and humid that day! I feel very fortunate to have visited the Taj Mahal while in India, but onto the real reason I spent 2.5 weeks in India in Augustrecruitment for Illinois! I started my trip in New Delhi. I traveled to India with a group of universities from all over the United States. We each took a city in India and planned visits, counselor meetings, and/or college fairs. On average we visited 3-4 schools and some evenings we had college fairs or information sessions. A typical day abroad starts around 6:00 AM (have to get up early to beat traffic!) and usually ends between 5-8:00 PM depending on what evening events we had. It was so great to meet so many wonderful students interested in attending Illinois. When we visited high schools, we typically gave a presentation on studying in the US and our various schools. We would then leave time for a QA session and then we would host a mini-college fair. This was a great way for us to get to know students and their interests, as well as help them learn more about the various applications, timelines, and requirements for different US institutions. The picture above is from Modern School in the Delhi area. We were in Delhi during the Indian Independence Day, so we were able to see various celebrations at schools all over the city. After this Welcome assembly, we had a mini college fair. Below is a typical college fair set-up. We saw close to 100 students during this fair. It was incredible to see so many enthusiastic students! We were able to travel to several cities all over India (New Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, and Kolkata) during our trip. We met so many wonderful students from all over this beautiful country.We typically rode in vans between each visit/appointment and then we flew between the various cities. We spent a lot of time in cars and on planes, so Im always looking for new books to download to read while Im on the road (feel free to comment any suggestions you have). It was exciting to see so many different parts of India and learn about each region. During our time in Bangalore, the team hosted a breakfast for international high school counselors. We wanted to be able to share updates on our various schools and help answer any questions they had about helping their students apply to various US universities. We had a great time getting to know them and thanking them for all their hard work in helping students achieve their dreams of studying in the United States. Beyond meeting all the wonderful students and counselors and answering their questions, my second favorite part of international travel is getting to experience all of the local food. We had our local guide take us to get some of the staple Indian snacks/food while we were in each city. Above you will see the team trying various snacks in Kolkata, India. The next picture is the biggest Naan bread that Ive ever seen! I loved everything that I tried. I am looking forward to returning to India in the spring to get to have some of my favorites again, and of course to meet more students. ?? I look forward to meeting more future Illini when Im on the road again later this fall! I love working with our international students throughout the admissions process, so feel free to reach out, no matter where you are in the world. Go Illini! Jess Jess International Recruitment Coordinator, Undergraduate Admissions I work with international students throughout the admissions process. My biggest piece of advice for anyone going through the college search process is to ask questions. There are no questions too small. That’s why we're here!

Cartesian Rationalism Vs. Locke s Empiricism Essay

Running Head: INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY Introduction to Philosophy Name Institution INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY Cartesian rationalism vs. Locke’s empiricism Rene Descartes was a rationalist who believed that knowledge of the world can be gained by the exercise of pure reason, while empiricist like Locke believed that knowledge of the world came through senses. Descartes from his meditations deduced from intuitive first principles the existence of self, of God, of the mind as a thinking substance and the extended body as a material substance whereas Locke, asserts that knowledge is acquired through perception, direct sensory of the world, reflections, the mental processes of breaking down complex impressions into simple ones and comparing them, conceptualizing them and recommending them to form new philosophies. The two philosophers namely Descartes and Locke vary greatly on the issue of the source of knowledge. Descartes doesn’t believe in knowledge arising from experience while Locke also doesn’t agree with the issue of the existence of inherent ideas in the mind. Both Descartes and Locke are skeptics about the possibility of certain knowledge. Descartes is a rationalist who believes that there is definitely certain knowledge and human reasoning is the only source of that knowledge while LockeShow MoreRelatedThe Principles Of Empiricism And The Spirit Behind It2295 Words   |  10 PagesCritical Reasoning Essay 3: British Empiricism with particular reference to Locke’s theory of ideas – the basic principles of empiricism and the spirit behind it; Locke’s theory of the origin and types of ideas and the problems it gave rise to. Locke, John, An Essay concerning human understanding, Everyman, 1961: Book 1, of Innate ideas, Book 2, chapter 1, of ideas in gen eral and their original, Berkeley, George, A treatise concerning the principles of human knowledge. Empiricists endorse the idea

Movie Analysis The Game - 989 Words

The game toggles back and forth with scenes that put the player in control of exploring the environment as well as following the games guideline. There lyes a moral misconception in the game where the player is introduced to believe their decisions effect a different outcome to how the storyline will turn out. Once starting each episode, a black screen displays the words, â€Å"This game series adapts to the choices you make. The story is tailored by how you play†. On the contrary to this seemingly straightforward statement, no matter how believable the game makes it seem, the players â€Å"online† experience fades in and out. The player originally feels obligated to be responsible for certain characters traumatic deaths, but in actuality of the game, is not since the outcome is pre-planned regardless of choice. Offline and online continuity (swapping back an forth between â€Å"online† and â€Å"offline†) proves the false justification of â€Å"The Walki ng Dead[s]† claims and puts the player in seemingly relevant irrelevant scenarios. Telltales game exploits the players empathy that causes the player to think they are following an inter(re)activity through irrelevant decision making. An article by Smethurst, Toby, and Stef Craps, â€Å"Playing with Trauma: Interreactivity, Empathy and Complicity in The Walking Dead Video Game.†, suggests the â€Å"games ability to involve the player in the game world through inter(re)activity†(Smethurst and Craps). Smethurst and Craps illuminate on complicity, whereShow MoreRelatedMovie Analysis : The Game 1829 Words   |  8 Pagesrole-playing game takes place on the historical planet of Mars, which is surprisingly teeming with life, similar to Spiders previous game, Mars: War Logs. Technomancer puts you in the shoes of an infamous technomancer, Zachariah, who later becomes a wanted man after being forced to flee his home, the Abundance, one of the many corporations on Mars, later ingame. The game, like many other role-playing games, starts you off with the creation of your character. Though where this game differs fromRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Hunger Games 891 Words   |  4 PagesSummarize the movie from a sociological perspective (approximately 1 page) : In the film of The Hunger Games, there are districts that are stratified, the bottom of the districts are those with the least amount of resources to survive. Those at the top control the resources by hosting an annual game that will test the strength and courage of two youth, â€Å"tributes,† to survive in a human hunting game. One male and one female are chosen at random from each district to participate in the game. There willRead MoreCritical Analysis Of The Movie Hunger Games1291 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay, I will do a critical analysis of the movie â€Å"Hunger Games,† the short story â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† and Taylor Swift’s music video â€Å"Look What Y ou Make Me Do† in terms of the use of symbolism, and the new self. The Hunger Games  follows 16-year-old  Katniss Everdeen, a girl from District 12 who volunteers for the 74th Hunger Games in place of her younger sister  Primrose Everdeen. The games itself is a competition to see who’s the strongest. The story of an Hour is a short story that describesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Hunger Games 2215 Words   |  9 PagesChange in Feminism in the Cinema World The Hunger Games which is directed by Garry Ross is story in land of Panem which has grown out of the cadaverous ruins of what one time was known as North America, 74 years ago. The capitol introduced the hunger games as a reminder to the twelve districts of its authority and punishment for rebellion. Every year a boy and a girl from each district, who are known as Tributes, and they are of aged between 12 and 18. The names are chosen randomly in reaping ceremoniesRead MoreMovie Analysis : Video Games Essay2102 Words   |  9 Pagesuprising--it’s video games. The twenty-first century as we all know is the age of the millennials and technology plays a huge role in everyone s life as it continues to improve as we advance through the years. One major concept that separates storytelling in books and movies from video games is that in video games, you are the character. You are put in the experience and call the shots on the decisions that the character has to make in the game. T he main thing that is so captivating about video games is thatRead MoreThe Hunger Games Movie Analysis1935 Words   |  8 PagesHunger Games directed by Gary Ross, it focuses primarily on the protagonist, Katniss Everdeen, who volunteers to partake the Hunger games tribute that occurs once a year. Every year in each district, each of the two members of each gender is selected to fight the annual Hunger Games. Katniss intends to be the center of attention of this film, which gives the audiences a better insight of the movie, also revealing additional themes that the author is trying to convey. At first sight, this movie mayRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Hunger Games 2249 Words   |  9 Pagesbecause it determines which boy and girl, ages 12 to 18, will serve as the district’s tributes in the Hunger Games. Each of the 12 districts must draw two tributes, and those tributes are sent to an arena where they fight to the death until only one tribute remains alive. The victor’s district is given gifts, mainly food, and the victor returns home. The Capitol of Panem puts on the Games to remind and punish the 12 districts of the Dark Days, which was when the 13th district was destroyed for attemptingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Nina s Games 1652 Words   |  7 Pagesto them based on a true story game. Some are pretty silly and other are serious but most meet in the middle of those two but they are all honest about the topics that they are covering without sugar coating it. One of her most notable game that just went absolutely went viral last year is a ga me called How Do You Do It. Where you play as a young version of Nina and are mashing these dolls together to trying to figure out how sex works. Cibele like most off Nina’s games is on a true story about herselfRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Return Streak And Winning A Playoff Game 967 Words   |  4 Pagesbreaking Manassas’s losing streak and winning a playoff game. In this documentary there was a mental skill that stood out the most, in particular, group dynamics/ cohesion. Throughout the team’s football season coach Courtney helps the boys feel closer with their fellow teammates, thus, resulting in each individual to look out for one another. With that said, in the movie the team worked together to achieve a common goal which was to win a playoff game while also working on individual interpersonal relationshipsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Imitation Game By Alan Turing1334 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is socially appropriate? How or more so who decides what is appropriate? These questions have been asked, debated, and fought over since the dawn of civilization. The rhetor of the movie The Imitation Game integrates these questions into the true story of Alan Turing and the people around him. The rhetor allows these questions of appropriateness to be narrowed down to two very influential people in history to give these large, foundat ional questions a more personal touch, and for the audience

Political Party History Free Essays

Political Party History Before the Democrat and Republican parties began their reign over American politics, political parties were constantly changing. The first parties resembled faction’s more than actual parties. The nation’s politicians were known to crowd together around a particular issue. We will write a custom essay sample on Political Party History or any similar topic only for you Order Now These were usually a reflection of social living in America. A change in political parties meant a change in the way Americans were living their lives. Strong third parties also helped influence the Democrat and Republican parties after they gained control. Though the names of parties change over time, there have always been two groups of people taking opposite sides of a common cause. The political party originated when the debate of ratifying the constitution arose. There was a split in the idea of how this new country should be governed. On one side was the federalist, who were mostly supported by the upper class. The wealthy property owners felt susceptible to the open government that was starting to be formed. They wanted to protect their political power. On the other hand the anti-federalists, made up of the lower classes, felt that a stronger central government would create a great deal of corruption as well as threaten the power of the people. These two factions eventually separated into two parties. The first was pushed by Alexander Hamilton and kept the Federalist name. Hamilton believed in a strong national government having most of the authority. Hamilton wanted a strong industrialized country with close ties to the mother country of England. Thomas Jefferson fronted the second party that was named the Democratic-republicans. Jefferson believed in an unpretentious central government giving most authority to the individual states. Jefferson wanted to keep away from the possible corruption of industry and therefore promoted an agrarian based economy. The Federalist Party quickly came to an end when a split in the party occurred due to the controversial presidency of John Adams. With no opposition the Democratic Republicans gradually faded away. This time period consisting of no parties was known as the Era of Good Feelings. With the new idea of universal white male suffrage, which gave the right to vote to all white men in the United States, there was a permanent shift in power. Prospective politicians could no longer only favor the propertied classes; instead they now had to focus on the middle and lower classes concerns. This profound shift helped invigorate a new party, the Democratic Republicans led by Andrew Jackson. The Democratic Republicans believed that the country should be governed under strict adherence to the Constitution. They were against a national banking system. They were also against federally sponsored internal improvements because they felt it would be unwarranted interference and unconstitutional. The opposing side was the National Republicans and was led by John Adams. This party believed in supporting the national bank and favored all internal improvements. The National Republicans were also advocates of a strong central government. Eventually the National Republicans joined forces with many other disparate groups to form The Whig Party. The Democratic Republican Party shortened its name to the Democratic Party. The Democratic Party still favored a limited national government as well as the ideals of agrarianism. Democrats were farmers who believed in the right to own slaves and favored territorial expansion. As transportation improvements increased commercialization and the new democratic politics drew people out of localism into larger networks, questions about national unity arose. Because the Constitution left the federal structure ambiguous all sectional disagreements automatically became constitutional issues. This brought out the great issue of nationalism vs. sectionalism. The opposing side named themselves the Whig Party. The Whigs drew their strength from the growing industrial class. Most Whigs were entrepreneurs who favored urban growth and free labor. The Whigs party beliefs were that of industrialization, they wanted to expand commercially and were in favor of federally sponsored internal improvements in the form of road and waterways. Ultimately the issues over slavery caused the separation of the Whig Party. The Kansas-Nebraska Act divided the Democratic Party. The Act opened up Kansas and Nebraska to deciding their slave status based on popular sovereignty. This angered both the north and the south. By repealing the Compromise of 1820, the Act convinced Northerners that the South was attempting to ensure slavery’s dominance in the United States. The South saw Northern attempts to influence Kansas into voting against slavery as trying to disturb the balance of power. The backlash of the act caused the Democratic Party to split along sectionalist lines and created the Republican Party. This was the Nations first major party created along sectional lines. The new Republican Parties main goal was to stop the spread of slavery into the new territories. The party also wanted to establish a tariff that would protect the countries growing industry; furthermore they wanted to give poor pioneers the ability to own the land they settled in. The Southern Democrats made it abundantly clear that if a Republican won the Presidency the South would secede from the Union to preserve its rights. Shortly after the Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln won the election of 1860 the South seceded from the union. The South was afraid that a Republican President would eradicate their right to own slaves. The Democrats remained fractionalized during the Civil War. The Northern remnants of the party split into three. First was the War Democrats who supported the civil war. Second, the Peace Democrats who wanted a quick political settlement with the South. Third, the Copperheads who openly opposed the war and even betrayed the Union to help the South. During this time the Republicans formed a temporary alliance with the War Democrats, this new party was known as the Union Party. They chose a Republican Party presidential candidate with a War Democratic Party vice presidential candidate. The Union party, even though it only lasted for the duration of the war, was a unique time in American History. Never have two parties come together to support a common cause rejecting selfish notions of power and working beyond their differences to safe the nation. After the Civil war the Democratic Party rejoined as the main opposition of the Republican Party. While their presidential candidates stand little chance of being elected, strong third parties have promoted concepts and policies that were an important part of social and political lives. The Populist and Socialist parties support for reduced working hours led to the Fair Labor Standards Act. These two parties also supported a progressive tax system that would base a person’s tax liability on their amount of income. This idea led to the ratification of the 16th amendment. The Progressive party, or the Bull Moose party, promoted women’s suffrage and was eventually supported by both Democratic and Republican parties which ratified the19th Amendment giving women the right to vote. The Socialist Party furthermore supported a fund to provide temporary compensation for the unemployed. The idea led to the creation of laws establishing unemployment insurance and the Social Security Act. The American Independent party advocated getting tough on crime. The Republican Party adopted the idea in its platform and the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act was the result. From the Revolution to Reconstruction, political parties unified people sharing the same basic principles into a means for change. There has always been one party in the United States party system that was always a strict interpreter of the Constitution and wanted to limit the growing power of the federal government. The other favored a Constitutional interpretation using the elastic clause as a way of increasing federal power. Throughout the first half of American history parties evolved from mere alliances of convenience of the Federalists and Anti-Federalists to the complex political machines of the Democrats, Whigs, and later the Republicans. Though the names of political parties have changed over time there have always been groups of people united to further their own ideological ends. Bibliography USA Today. The Parties. 999-2000. Pearson Education. Presidential Elections. 1789-2004. 2007. Berg-Anderson, Richard E. A Brief History of American Major Parties. May21, 2001. http://www. thegreenpapers. com/Hx/AmericanMajorParties. html Hockett, Homer Carey. Political and Social Growth of the American People. New York: The Mackmillon Company, 1944. Garner, Richard L. Stebbins, Phillip E. Individualism and Community. The Pennsylvania State University, 1975. Hicks, John D. The American Nation. Univ ersity of California, Berkeley1941. How to cite Political Party History, Papers

Legal factors of Germany and Foreign Direct Investment

Question: Describe about the Legal factors of Germany and Foreign Direct Investment. Answer: Introduction Globalization is very common in the present business world. However, before entering in any country; it is very important that business environment of that country is effectively analyzed. This report is based on the analysis of political, legal, and economic environment of the Germany. In this report, it explains the countrys attractiveness for FDI. It focuses on the major factors of the country that attracts foreign direct investment in the country. The purpose of the report is to critically analyzing the important factors that influence the attractiveness of Germany for the Foreign Direct Investment. Analysis of factors that attracts FDI in Germany Political and economical factors Germany is a well established democracy that has administrative rights and responsiblities shared between the executive, judiciary, and legislature. Development of the political party in the year 2013 aims to stablise the country in the future elections. It also ties with France in the areas of defense and energy. The Federal government of country grants attractive tax subsidies to all foreign investors to acquire the new buildings for a period of minimum 1 year in the service sector industries and get the benefit of tax subsidy of 25% to 27.5% for small and medium enterprise (SME) that employs more than 250 employees in the company (Uchenna, 2016). A competitive tax policy framed by the government helps companies to create more investment opportunities for FDI in the country. These flexible innovative policies framed by the Federal Republic of Germany attract FDI in the country. Due to the strong Federal Republic of Germany and shared administrative powers, the country has a well maintained culture and education. All the important policies such fiscal, monetary and defense policies are formulated by the Federal Republic and implemented. The government of the country made the flexible policies and projects to attract the FDI in the country. Recently the country launched the Investment Guarantee Scheme by the Federal Republic of Germany that aims to attract the foreign investments from the different emerging countries to get the guaranteed return in the areas of Automobile, technology, and infrastructure sector. Various countries participate in the international summit and invested 7.9 billion Euros in the country and get the huge revenues. Below given table indicates the participated countries and their investments in the country (Barringtyon, 2016). Table 1: (Source: Paul, 2012) Indicated the various investments in the different sectors by the foreign countries in Germany As per the above table indicated that the political stability of the country is strong, due to centralizing control of the government that makes the flexible policies to attract the foreign investments. Germany government has also framed the policy for all foreign investors for free access to investment in all sectors and gets 100% ownership of the business in public sectors and national bodies such as mail, telecommunication, and others (Wren and Jones, 2012). Germany is the fifth largest economy in the world and largest in the Europe, accounting for one fifth of the European Unions GDP. It is a very liberal social market economy (Leino and Ali-Yrkk, 2014). Automobile and technology sector majorly contributes to the countrys economy. Due to this technological advancement, many countries are invests in the diverse sectors of the economy. It is top 10 in the world economic forums for global competitiveness index. The main reason for its highly competitive economy lies in the manufacturing sector. It gives ample of benefits to the investors regarding high quality manufacturing at competitive prices in international markets. Another benefit for FDI to invest in this country is that GDP growth rate of the country is increased 2.2% in last quarter which is far better than the developed economies like China and Russia. Moreover, machinery and engineering process are customized and innovative that gives long term benefits to the investors in the l ong run. The country has cheap labor costs and highly skilled workforce with the best quality of work in the areas of technology, manufacturing, and automobiles. On the other side, the main barrier to the economic growth in the country is infrastructure such as bridges, trains tracks, waterways that affect the economic growth.1.5% of the GDP is spent on the maintenance of infrastructure (CIA, 2015). These infrastructure constraints force industries to move somewhere else. Another factor is that the lower interest rates of banks enable to a massive supply of liquidity in the market. Low-interest rates lead to the risks for the banks and financial institutions and it is unattractive for foreign investments due to a decrease in currencys relative value .Below given figure and table indicates the attractiveness of FDI and economic condition of the country in various sectors. Table 2: (Source: Wagner and Disparte, 2016) Table shown the different indicators and GDP rate of the countrys economy As per the above-given table, it indicates the number of factors that contributes to the economy to make it competitive and attractiveness of FDI in the host country. Legal Factors Germany is legally very effectively established at the federal, state, and regional levels, and with the legal system is such that it provides strong investment and freedom for business. Its legal system is a civil law system with indigenous concepts. The German business law is governed by the principle of economies freedom. Various laws such as EU and international law have influenced the legal system of Germany. However, the countries taxation system was exploited by wealthy and multinationals which are harmful to the government of german. It has various challenges for the country such as the licensing system which is a threat to the future investment in the service sector for the country (Moran, 2012). As a result, the legal stability of the country attracts the foreign companies to invest and promote entrepreneurial activity in Germany. Foreign investment of german was mainly focused on developed countries that are the target regions for German exports. The German FDI for the Eur opean neighbor countries is strong. The legal framework for FDI in Germany favors the principle of the freedom of trade and payment transaction. There are certain factors that affect the countrys foreign direct investment such as wage rates as the country has the high wage rate and it attracts the higher tech investment. Moreover, labor skills also affect the FDI as this makes the attractive place for outsourcing and it also helps in doing investment in the country. The tax rate also affects the country as more companies invest in the country which has low corporation tax rate. For example, companies like Apple, Google, and Microsoft invests is sought to invest in the country as Germany has the lower corporation tax rate. A key factor is the transport costs and the levels of infrastructure as the country have low labor cost as it is beneficial that other countries invest for supplying of goods (Azman-Saini, Baharumshah, and Law, 2010). Furthermore, FDI is targeted to selling the goods directly to the country which is i nvolved in attracting the investment. The political stability of the country is also the major factor which attracts the FDI to invest in the country but the countries with an uncertain political situation will be a major problem as no other will be ready for investing in the country. It is related to the trust especially judiciary and the extent of law and order. For the country, Germany EU is seen as the signal for political and economic stability which helps in encouraging the foreign investment. The main reason for the foreign investment is the existence of the commodities and it is the major factor for foreign direct investment. Additionally, the exchange rate will also be helpful for the host country to attract the FDI because it will be cheaper for the multinational companies to purchase the assets (Derado, 2013). Lastly, clustering effects is also the major FDI factor for the country which attracts the other countries to invest. There are again different factors that determi ne foreign direct investment such as free trade areas which is used to invest in the EU single market which is a free trade market. Conclusion: From the above-given study, it is concluded that the Germany is the vibrant location for the FDI and from the analysis of the important factors such as political, legal and economical; it is considered that the tendency of stability exists in these factors that attract FDI in the host country. References: Uchenna, E. (2016). Economics and Political Implications of International Financial Reporting Standards. IGI Global: USA Barringtyon, L. (2016). Comparative Politics: Structures and Choices. Cengage Learning: USA EWI (2016) Foreign Direct Investment. Retrieved from https://www.economicswebinstitute.org/glossary/fdi.htm Paul, J. J. W. (2012). Market-oriented Systemic Transformations in Eastern Europe: Problems, Theoretical Issues, and Policy Options. Springer Science Business Media: Germany Wren, C. and Jones, J. (2012). Foreign Direct Investment and the Regional Economy. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. USA Leino, T., and Ali-Yrkk, J. (2014). How well does foreign direct investment measure real investment by foreign-owned companies?Firm-level analysis.Firm-Level Analysis (May 15, 2014). Bank of Finland Research Discussion Paper, (12). Central intelligence Agency (2015). The world Factbook. USA: Government printing office Wagner, D. and Disparte, D. (2016). Global Risk Agility and Decision Making: Organizational Resilience in the Era of Man-Made Risk. Springer: USA Azman-Saini, W.N.W., Baharumshah, A.Z. and Law, S.H. (2010). Foreign direct investment, economic freedom and economic growth: International evidence. Economic Modelling, 27(5), 1079-1089. Derado, D. (2013). Determinants of FDI in transition countries and estimation of the potential level of Croatian FDI. Financial Theory and Practice, 37(3), 227-258. Foster, N.G. and Sule, S. (2010). German legal system and laws. USA: Oxford University Press. Moran, (2012).Foreign Direct Investment. USA: John Wiley Sons, Ltd.

The Lust For Power How Politics and Personal Rela Essay Example For Students

The Lust For Power: How Politics and Personal Rela Essay tions Become OneThe Lust For Power: How Politics and Personal Relations Become OneWILLIAM YAOThe stories of the Bible reveal a pattern of ups and downs for thenation of Israel. A period of prosperity, faithfulness and fearing God wouldalmost always be followed by a period of destitution, lawlessness and idolatry. This recurring cycle can be linked to political authority, and the level ofseparation of political authority from other influences. The successfulstruggle for liberation under the leadership of Moses and the glorious conquestof Canaan under Joshua instilled a fresh breeze of hope and a renewed faith inGod in the nation of Israel. Guided by God, the nation of Israel met withunprecedented success as they journeyed to the promised land. During this time,political authority among the Israelites rested in the hands of patriarchs, orprominent members within the tribes. These men were righteous figures ofauthority, chosen by God, to lead His people and to teach His ways. The successthat swept over the Israelites was short-lived, however, and for the next twohundred years the people of Israel struggled against neighboring tribes. Thenew generation of Israelites knew neither the Lord nor what he did for Israel(Judges 2:10). They began to do evil in the eyes of the Lord by worshippingother god s and engaging in various sexual activities. To save His people fromtheir enemies and from their evil ways, God raised up judges to rescue them(Judges 2:16). These so-called judges had the political authority vested inthem to lead the people of Israel and to save them from their sins. Theymobilized the people of Israel against invasions of the tribes all around them. We will write a custom essay on The Lust For Power: How Politics and Personal Rela specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now At this time, the nation of Israel was nothing more than a loose confederationof twelve tribes. Israel had no central authority, which meant no unity, noorganization and no power. During the period of the judges, there was no needfor a central government, because the people of Israel were able to defend theirtribal territories effectively against adjoining peoples. Whenever there was athreat from a neighboring tribe, God sent a judge to lead the Israelites againsttheir enemies. As this era came to an end, however, the Israelites were facedwith a much larger problem the Philistines military threat. As theIsraelites were eliminating all the small powers around them, the Philistines,with their iron implements and organization, were becoming an emergent threat. In order to protect themselves from the looming danger of the Philistine army,the Israelites asked for a king to furnish unification, organization and powerfor the nation of Israel. God granted their request, and Samuel reluctantlyappointed Saul in Gods name. The kings function was to provide leadership andto unify the people against their enemies. However, the responsibilities,powers and privileges that came with kingship overwhelmingly went beyond thescope of politics. The personal relationships between the king and his peoplebecame increasingly involved with government. With the rise of the monarchycame a definite change in political authority. As Israel changed from theperiod of judges to the period of the monarchy, politics and political authoritybecame increasingly associated with personal relationships. In the period ofthe monarchs, the separation between politics and personal matters was no longerdelineated as it was before, and politics and personal relations becameinterrela ted. Whenever the Lord raised up a judge for them, he was with the judge andsaved them out of the hands of their enemies as long as the judge lived (Judges2:18). God sent judges to lead the Israelites in the process of consolidatingtribal areas and defense against organized enemies. The judges led theIsraelites into battle and also served as reminders to the people to obey theword of God. It is needless to say then, that the judges were leaders of theIsraelites during desperate times. The main reason why a clear distinctionbetween personal relations and political authority during the period of thejudges was possible , was that there was no succession of judges. God chosejudges to lead Israel against its enemies only when they were in need ofleadership and guidance, and in doing so, there was no power struggle or fightfor the crown. There was no specific person next in line to lead theIsraelites, because the only thing important to them at that time was defendingthemselves against neighbor ing powers. It was of no concern to the Israeliteswho the leader was, as long as the leader was competent and effective. Anothercharacteristic of the judges rule that compensated for the separation ofpolitics and personal matters was the brevity of their leadership. Whereas amonarch would remain ruler of the land after conquest, the judges served only asa sort of temporary relief for the nation of Israel.After fulfilling theirassignment as leaders of the Israelites against their adversaries during timesof emergency, they would humble themselves before God and before the Israelites. It is clear that the judges possessed political authority over the Israelites,but rarely did they allow personal matters and relationships to interfere withgovernment. Only in the case of Samson did his personal relationships anddesires come in the way of political authority.There were twelve judges inall, but the Bible pays most of its attention to three of the twelve: Deborah,Gideon, and Samson. .u4bd02a964d13e5076d0d56fc3c77dea1 , .u4bd02a964d13e5076d0d56fc3c77dea1 .postImageUrl , .u4bd02a964d13e5076d0d56fc3c77dea1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4bd02a964d13e5076d0d56fc3c77dea1 , .u4bd02a964d13e5076d0d56fc3c77dea1:hover , .u4bd02a964d13e5076d0d56fc3c77dea1:visited , .u4bd02a964d13e5076d0d56fc3c77dea1:active { border:0!important; } .u4bd02a964d13e5076d0d56fc3c77dea1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4bd02a964d13e5076d0d56fc3c77dea1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4bd02a964d13e5076d0d56fc3c77dea1:active , .u4bd02a964d13e5076d0d56fc3c77dea1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4bd02a964d13e5076d0d56fc3c77dea1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4bd02a964d13e5076d0d56fc3c77dea1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4bd02a964d13e5076d0d56fc3c77dea1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4bd02a964d13e5076d0d56fc3c77dea1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4bd02a964d13e5076d0d56fc3c77dea1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4bd02a964d13e5076d0d56fc3c77dea1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4bd02a964d13e5076d0d56fc3c77dea1 .u4bd02a964d13e5076d0d56fc3c77dea1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4bd02a964d13e5076d0d56fc3c77dea1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: John Coltrane EssayDeborah, the only woman leader of the judges, won unquestioned respect. She commanded Barak, son of Abinoam, to battle Sisera, the commander of thearmy of King Jabin. Throughout the story of her triumph, not once was Deborahspersonal relations mentioned. It can be assumed then, that Deborah kept herpersonal relations separate from her political leadership, and was focused onone thing and one thing only the defeat of Jabin and the Canaanites. Forty years of peace ensued after Deborahs military victory, and thenthe people of Israel again began to fall into sin and were overcome once again,this time by the Midianites. God raised up Gideon to direct the people ofIsrael against the Midianites. Gideon defeated the Midianites, and in doing so,was offered an opportunity to be king. However, Gideon declined the opportunityto rule declaring I will not rule over you, nor will my son rule over you. TheLord will rule over you (Judges 8:23). The lack of succession of judges isparallel to the separation of politics and personal relations. There wasevidently no power struggle among the Israelites, because even when offered thepower to rule, Gideon declined. There was no fight for succession of leadershipbecause there was no succession of leadership. The story of Samson can be seen as the transition from the period ofjudges to the period of the monarchy. Samson, although the most gifted of thejudges, had a tragic flaw; he was pitifully unable to control his lust for women. Samsons personal desire for women affected his ability to reason, and thushindered his ability to lead the people of Israel. With his great physicalstrength and hot temper, Samson single-handedly pushed back the Philistines more by accident than by intention. . He was eventually betrayed and ruined bya woman due to his boisterous wildness and careless encounter with Delilah. Godintended Samson for great things. Of all the judges, he was the only one to beannounced by an angel before he was born (Judges 13:3). He was givensupernatural abilities, and his life was specially devoted to God. However,despite all these advantages given to him at birth, his uncontrollable desirefor woman destroyed him. His personal relations destroyed his prospects ofbecoming a great leader among the Israelites. Samsons desire for womenoverpowered his desire to deliver the Israelites out of the hands of thePhilistines, and this led to his tragic downfall. The story of Samson vaguelyforeshadows the connection between politics and personal relations in the periodof the monarchs. It acts as a link joining a period when politics and personalrelations are clearly defined and separate, and a period when they areindistinct and inseparable. Nearing the end of the period of the judges, the Israelites began tonotice that virtually every other nation had a king, while Isarael was nothingmore than an alliance of scattered tribes . The rising power of the Philistinesand other imminent threats to Israelite security impelled the Israelites to askfor a king. A king offered two advantages: first, a king would provide centralgovernment, therefore providing unity and organization; and second, since a kingwould normally be succeeded by his sons, the nation did not have a crisis ofleadership every its leader became old. God despondently granted the wish ofHis people and gave them a king. Samuel anointed Saul as king of Israel, andthe people were satisfied. Military success went hand in hand with bringing thetribes together in one united country, but when the desire for succession of thecrown came into play, personal relations and government become one. Saul was successful as king of Israel until David proved to be a threatto the crown. After David defeated Goliath of the Philistines, the people sangaloud Saul has slain his thousands, and David his tens of thousands (1 Samuel18:7). Saul thus became jealous of David, for he could not stand to be secondbest in a nation he calls his own. From that point thereafter, Sauls politicalauthority and leadership was no longer concentrated on the good of the nationand the welfare of his people, but rather he focused his efforts on keeping ajealous eye on David (1 Samuel 18:11), and David remained his enemy the restof his days (1 Samuel 18:29). Saul spent the rest of his days searching forDavid in attempts to kill him so that he may regain the respect of his people,and in doing so killed many innocent bystanders that got in his way. This rashoutrage of jealousy and personal hatred for David was critically associated withpolitics. While Saul could have directed his efforts toward the betterment o fIsrael, he was after personal benefit, and this led to his eventual collapse. .u7f28a03022fc3e958953808921cb5921 , .u7f28a03022fc3e958953808921cb5921 .postImageUrl , .u7f28a03022fc3e958953808921cb5921 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7f28a03022fc3e958953808921cb5921 , .u7f28a03022fc3e958953808921cb5921:hover , .u7f28a03022fc3e958953808921cb5921:visited , .u7f28a03022fc3e958953808921cb5921:active { border:0!important; } .u7f28a03022fc3e958953808921cb5921 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7f28a03022fc3e958953808921cb5921 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7f28a03022fc3e958953808921cb5921:active , .u7f28a03022fc3e958953808921cb5921:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7f28a03022fc3e958953808921cb5921 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7f28a03022fc3e958953808921cb5921 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7f28a03022fc3e958953808921cb5921 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7f28a03022fc3e958953808921cb5921 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7f28a03022fc3e958953808921cb5921:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7f28a03022fc3e958953808921cb5921 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7f28a03022fc3e958953808921cb5921 .u7f28a03022fc3e958953808921cb5921-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7f28a03022fc3e958953808921cb5921:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Is ethnography a suitable meth EssayDavid, having unconditional respect for Saul, spared his life twice, and thusallowed Saul to further pursue him. Saul eventually dies, however, and David ismade king over the house of Judah. Although Davids reign was better than that of Sauls, he too hadproblems. Ish-Bosheth is the threat to the throne this time, while Ish-Bosheths general Abner is a threat to him. Abner slept with Sauls concubine,therefore openly making a claim on the crown. In Davids time, women acted aspolitical symbols. Abners sleeping with Sauls concubine suggested that he hadhis eyes on becoming king himself. In pursuit of David, Abner killed thebrother of Joab, Davids general. As a result Joab had a personal vendettaagainst Abner and was after his life. When Ish-Bosheth was murdered, and it wasevident that David was going to become the next king, Joab murdered Abner. Itis not difficult to see that this soap opera of events is due to the fact thatpersonal relations and politics were interrelated. Either personal relationseffected a political change, or politics effected a change in personal relations. After David is crowned king of Israel, he had problems of the same nature. David, seeing the alluring Bathsheba, wanted her for his own immediately. Heblatantly disregarded the fact that she had a husband, Uriah, and took her forhis wife, having Uriah killed in the process. This corrupt use of politicalauthority demonstrates how political authority and personal relations are linked. Davids son, Absalom, also had his eyes on the throne. He led a conspiracyagainst his father by traveling all over Israel winning the favor of the people,and he also slept with his fathers concubines in public. Absalom publiclyslept with his fathers concubines for political reasons; it made clear hisclaim to the throne. Israelites who held back their allegiance thinking fatherand son would reconcile their differences, knew now that the breach waspermanent; they had to take a side. Again sexual potency and sexual relationsare acutely tied in with politics.David was ultimately confronted with thefact that he must capture or destroy his son Absalom. When he found out thathis soldiers killed Absalom, he mourned deeply. His love for his son collidedwith his effectiveness as a leader.David wept so excessively that itdemoralized the troops who had risked their lives for him and the nation ofIsrael. When Davids time was over, once again there was a power struggle forsuccession of the throne. This time it was between the sons of David, Adonijahand Solomon. Adonijah took initiative and set himself up as king, but Bathsheba,Davids favorite wife, and Nathan the prophet, pulled a few strings to secureSolomons claim of the crown. Due to the efforts of Bathsheba and Nathan,Solomon was crowned king. This pulling of strings demonstrates how personalrelations may engender lasting impacts on politics.If Bathseba had not beenDavids favorite wife, and Nathan had not been Davids trusted advisor, Adonijahmay have been crowned king of Israel instead of Solomon.Solomon also usedwomen to his advantage; he had seven hundred wives and three hundred concubines. Most of his wives were princesses of nearby tribes, so it can be inferred thathis marriages were politically motivated.He was married to Pharaohs daughter,and had an alliance with Pharaoh. The story of Solomons succession is ascomplicated and as involved with personal relations as his predecessors. As Israel developed from a confederation of tribes into a greatmonarchial power, a notable change took place. As the nation of Israel movedfrom the period of judges to the period of the monarchy, politics and politicalauthority became increasingly associated with personal matters and personalrelations. Personal relations began to affect politics and political authority,and in turn, politics affected personal relations. This change occurred becausethe characteristics of leadership changed. During the period of the judges,there was no succession of power, and because there was no succession of power,no one was fighting for it. The judges were sent to lead the Israelites intimes of need and emergency.Their leadership was only ephemeral, and thus notone of them were able to gain an exorbitant amount of political power. Whenthe period of the monarchy was firmly in place, however, there was a system ofsuccession of power. Even before the king muttered his last words, there werepeopleeagerl y waiting in line to take his place.And if that wasnt enough,people were plotting against the king in hopes of succeeding the throne, evenhis own sons. This feature of the period of the monarchy allowed for the mixingand intertwining of politics and personal relations. The use of women assymbols of power and dominance became abundant as kings challenged theprospective successors, and as prospective successors challenged the kings. Events took place that can be compared to episodes of TV soap operas or MelrosePlace. Politics and personal relations became interrelated, and above all else,the underlying reason was power. As people began to lust for power, for wealth,and for recognition, the association of the two became imminent, and theseparation of the two became impossible. Religion

Math Term Paper Topics

Math Term Paper Topics Math term papers are one of the rare kinds of term papers as many students don’t have mathematics as a subject in their carrier run. So, it usually becomes difficult for the students to understand and implement their term papers. Math term paper becomes problematic sometimes if a student is not ready for the subject matter which was assigned to him. But it is never too late to seek for help and get help in raising your grades. A Mathematics term paper requires great amount of research and needs right approach to every point or idea used in it as every single point must be supported by logical conclusions and valid proofs. It usually is time consuming and makes many students frustrated. In order to make a simple math term paper you must simplify your ideas and put them in a straightforward way. You must make sure that each of your results depends on the main theorem and that all the theories used are related to each other and defined in a proper step by step order. It will make it easier for the reader to judge your ideas and implementation resulting in high scores. A standard format for math term papers consists of an introduction, body, theory and conclusion. There are no restrictions as in APA or MLA formats but a proper outline must be needed which will present your math term paper in a proper way. References must be given in your math term paper for each and every work cited. Special attention must be given to the notations used, so before starting your math term paper you must specify them and be consistent throughout your term paper. Math term paper topics are as easy to find as it seems difficult to work out with them. For example, the number theory, linear algebra, vectors, geometry are most common topics. You can even choose any great mathematician or scientist and use his achievements in your term paper. For example, Sir Isaac Newton, John Napier, Euclid, Einstein and their lifetime achievements can be discussed in your term paper. Still if you have lack of information or you have no time left to complete the paper on your own and you need assistance, please contact CustomWritings.com and we will clear your doubts in the minimum possible time and in the best possible way. Our writers will help you to find the best math term paper topics as well as interesting mathematics term paper topics.

Exhibition Paper; Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Exhibition Paper; - Essay Example The most renowned statues from the era include the Donatello and Nanni sculptures (Burgio, Clark, & Hark, 2010). Both masterpieces are held at the Museo dell’Opera de Muomo exhibition. The study seeks to implement the visual description of the sculptures as seen in the exhibition with a contextual inclusion of sculptural production in the Florentine Age of the 15th century. The renowned sculpture of Donatello remains an uncontested artifact of the period because of its unique inclusion of proportion in a rather hard to shape material. The 1418 sculpture depicts a biblical version of the events surrounding Isaac’s sacrifice. The sculptor engaged in the use of marble, and it is apparent that his knowledge in the field compelled his conclusion that he would deliver an exemplary artwork in the end. Arguably, the sculptor developed a theological concept prior to the beginning of the work; hence, the evidence shown in the sculptures facial expressions depicts the application of â€Å"scientific naturalism† (Long, 2013). The prevailing evidence from the visual surveillance inclines knowledge to a contemporary viewer that the use of grey almost brown colors emerges from the philosophical freedom held by the sculptor during the Florentine culture. While at the exhibition, a viewer could define the emotional expressions shown in the sculpture of Donatello on Isaac’s sacrifice. Such credentials declare the fury that Abraham felt once ordered by God to honor him through sacrificing his only child. In the contemporary culture, a viewer would agree with the sculptor’s perspective in developing the 191-centimeters’ tall sculpture. The taller figure of the sculpture seems to dominate the smaller one who is in a kneeling position (Burgio, Clark, & Hark, 2010). The rust-brown sculpture depicts a Biblical expression that the sacrifice was to accord God’s will as the taller figure looks upwards while holding a knife on the smaller

Q&A Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Q&A - Essay Example It is an efficient and usually an extremely effective way to test for certain antibodies. The indirect ELISA approach is typically applied in medical testing because it looks for antibodies present in a given sample. Samples are taken from an individual and then these are tested for the presence of antibodies. This helps to determine if the individual’s body is already producing antibodies against certain antigens. After the sample is taken, antigens are introduced. If antibodies are present, they will form a bond that is invisible to the naked eye. An immunuoglobulin is added to the sample in order to verify if a bond was formed or not. The bond between the antibody, antigen and immunuoglobulin will remain on the plate after rinsing. The immunuoglobulin added must be of the same species. Finally, a colour indicator is added so that the bond between the antibody and antigen are identified properly. The accuracy of an ELISA test does rely on certain factors. If these factors ar e in any way compromised or overlooked, the ELISA test results may be unreliable. These factors may also contribute to a false positive or a false negative. The design of an ELISA test may sometimes affect its outcome, and an ELISA test is either direct or indirect. When using the single antibody approach, the laboratory must used a specific, enzyme-labelled reagent. The assay sensitivity affects both the direct and indirect ELISA tests because it measures the amount of accurate positives that are found. There are four types of sensitivities possible in an ELISA test: true positives, false positives, true negatives and false negatives. Whether or not a patient receives a false positive or a false negative is dependent upon how accurately the ELISA test was conducted, and whether a variable important to the outcome were compromised in some way. A false positive indicates that a person who does not in fact carry the antibodies against a specific type of antigen is tested as positive f or those antibodies. Similarly, a false negative indicates that a person who does in fact carry those antibodies against a specific type of antigen, tests negative for them. This may or may not occur with an HIV-1 test if the standard protocol for the ELISA test is correctly or incorrectly followed. Unquestionably, it is of the utmost importance to follow standard ELISA test protocol. ELISA test errors may occur when the reagents used are mishandled or if their integrity is comprised in some way. The reagents for specific antigen tests are usually specific- they may not be interchangeable between different species. Additionally, certain antibodies require certain reagents in order to be effectively read; substitutions cannot be made. Temperature, preparation, preservation, and shelf-life of the reagent affects how its performance. Commercial availability limits the use of some reagents, and therefore the potential for testing for specific antigens. The handling of samples and the re agents used are extremely important to the outcome of the test. Checking expiration dates and properly storing reagents according to their individual requirements is imperative. Reagents must also be checked for signs of disintegration prior to their usage in an assay; examples include precipitation and discoloration. The substrates should always be colourless. The plates where the experiment is conducted must be properly handled. The plates must be large enough to

Chemical Composition of Oil from Eremostachys Macrophylla

Chemical Composition of Oil from Eremostachys Macrophylla Chemical composition of the essential oil from aerial parts  of Eremostachys macrophylla Montbr. Auch.  from Northeast of Iran Akhlaghi H Abstract The essential oil obtained by hydrodisstillation of the aerial parts of Eremostachys macrophylla Montbr. Auch., grown wild in Iran, was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The colorless oils were obtained by hydrodistillation, using a Clevenger-type apparatus for three hours, from aerial parts in 0.18% yield (w/w). Fourty-four compounds representing 91.6% of aerial parts oil of Eremostachys macrophylla were identified. The main components of the oil were hexadecanoic acid (27.5%), ethyl linoleate (8.5%), 6-methyl-ÃŽ ±-ionone (8.0%), isobutyl phthalate (5.8%), ÃŽ ±-cadinol (4.7%) and germacrene D (4.3%). The oil was rich in nonterpenoids (56.0%) and among them, oxygenated nonterpenes (53.2%) predominated over nonterpene hydrocarbons (2.8%). Key Word Index Eremostachys macrophylla Montbr. Auch., Lamiaceae, essential oil composition, hexadecanoic acid Introduction The genus Eremostachys of the family Lamiaceae (alt. Labiatae) contains 15 species of perennial in Iran, and five of them are endemic (1,2). During the past decade, seven investigations have been carried out on the chemical composition of the essential oils of the genus Eremostachys. These studies analyze the fresh aerial parts of Eremostachys laciniata Bunge from Jordan (3), flowers, stems, and roots of Eremostachys laevigata from Iran (4), flower, leaf and stem of Eremostachys macrophylla Montbr. Auch., and aerial part and stem of Eremostachys labiosa from Iran (5), aerial parts of Eremostachys adenantha and Eremostachys macrophylla from Iran (6), aerial parts of Eremostachys macrophylla from Central Iran (7), aerial parts of Eremostachys laevigata Bge. From Iran (8) and aerial parts of Eremostachys laciniata Bge. from Iran (9). Phytochemical investigation on a few species of Eremostachys revealed the presence of vicarin, a new isoflavone from Eremostachys vicaryi (10), eremosides A-C, New Iridoid Glucosides from Eremostachys loasifolia (11), loasifolin, a new flavonoid from Eremostachys loasifolia (12), a new acidic iridoid glucoside (13), furanolabdane diterpene glycosides from Eremostachys laciniata (14), new iridoid glucosides from Eremostachys moluccelloides Bunge (15) and Eremostachiin: a new furanolabdane diterpene glycoside from Eremostachys glabra (16). Our study dealt with the analysis of the essential oils of aerial parts of Eremostachys macrophylla Montbr. Auch grown wild in northeastern Iran. Experimental Plant material: The plant material was collected during the flowering stage in May 2012 from northern Sabzevar in Khorasan Province, Iran, at an altitude of 1580 meters. A voucher specimen has been deposited in the herbarium of Research Center of Natural Resources, Sabzevar, Iran. Essential oil isolation. Air-dried aerial parts of E. macrophylla (100 g) were subjected to hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus for three hours to produce colorless oils. The yield of total volatiles was 0.18% (w/w). The oils were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and stored in sealed vials at 4  °C before analysis. GC analysis. GC analysis was performed using a Shimadzu GC-9A gas chromatograph, equipped with a HP-5MS fused silica column (30 mÃâ€"0.25 mm i.d., film thickness 0.25  µm). The oven temperature was held at 50  °C for five minutes and then programmed to 250  °C at a rate of 3  °C/min. The injector and detector (FID) temperatures were 290  °C . Helium was used as carrier gas with a linear velocity of 32 cm/s. GC/MS analysis. GC/MS analysis was carried out on a Hewlett-packard 6890 gas chromatograph fitted with a fused silica HP-5MS capillary column (30mÃâ€"0.25 mm ; film thickness 0.32  µm) . The oven temperature was programmed from 60  °C to 220  °C at 6  °C/min . Helium was used as carrier gas at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The chromatograph was coupled to a Hewlett-Packard 5973 mass selective detector with an ionization voltage of 70 eV. Qualitative and quantitative analyses. Constituents of the volatile oils were identified by comparison of their retention indices relative to C9-C21 n-alkanes and of their mass spectral fragmentation pattern with those reported in the literature (17) and stored in a MS library (Wiley 275). The quantification of the components was performed on the basis of their GC peak area data from the HP-5MS column separation. Results and discussion Because of the variable results obtained in previous studies and as a part of on-going work on the chemical analysis of oils obtained from the wild plants of Iran, we decided to re-investigate the oils of this specific plant. Hydrodistilled volatile oils from the crushed dry aerial parts of Eremostachys macrophylla Montbr. Auch. (Lamiaceae) from Sabzevar (Iran) was studied by GC and GC/MS. The air-dried aerial parts of the plant yielded 0.18% (w/w) oil. The oil was clear and colorless. Fourty-four components were identified in the aerial parts oil that contained 91.6% of the compounds. Table 1 lists formulas, percentages, and retention indices of identified compounds in the oil. As evident from the table , the main components are hexadecanoic acid (27.5%), ethyl linoleate (8.5%), 6-methyl-ÃŽ ±-ionone (8.0%), isobutyl phthalate (5.8%), ÃŽ ±-cadinol (4.7%) and germacrene D (4.3%). In this study, GC and GC/MS analysis method revealed monoterpenoid hydrocarbon (MH), oxygenated monoterpenes (OM), sesquiterpenoid hydrocarbons (SH), oxygenated sesquiterpenes (OS), nonterpenoid hydrocarbons (NH), diterpene hydrocarbon (DH) and oxygenated diterpene (OD) in the oil from the aerial parts of Eremostachys macrophylla. One monoterpene hydrocarbon (0.1%), five oxygenated monoterpenes (8.8%), thirteen sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (13.4%), six oxygenated sesquiterpenes (10.4%), seventeen nonterpene hydrocarbons (56.0%), one diterpene hydrocarbon (2.5%) and one oxygenated diterpene (0.4%) were detected in this oil. The data lead to a rank order of constituent groups: NH>SH>OS>OM>DH>OD>MH for the aerial parts oil. The main components in this oil were hexadecanoic acid (27.5%), ethyl linoleate (8.5%), 6-methyl-ÃŽ ±-ionone (8.0%), isobutyl phthalate (5.8%), ÃŽ ±-cadinol (4.7%) and germacrene D (4.3%). The oil consisted mainly of nonterpenes and relatively small fractions of other terpenoids. Also, oxygenated nonoterpenes (53.2%) predominated over nonterpene hydrocarbons (2.8%). However, in a previous study on volatile oil from aerial parts of Eremostachys macrophylla, among the thirty-five identified compounds that have been compromised to 92.9% of the oil, spathulenol (23.4%), hexadecanoic acid (13.5%) and caryophyllene oxide (9.3%) were the major ones (6), while in other report on the aerial parts of this plant, among the sixteen identified compounds that have been compromised to 96.4% of the oil; germacrene-D (47.1%), germacrene-B (17.8%), ÃŽ ³-elemene (9.1%), myrcene (6.7%), ÃŽ ²-elemene (2.7%), and ÃŽ ²-phellandrene (2.6%) have been the major ones (7). Also, we reported analysis of the essential oils from flowers, leaves and stems of Eremostachys macrophylla (5). The specimen had been collected at different place, time and altitude from current study. The major compounds in the flower oil of E. macrophylla were 1,8-cineol (19.0 %) and germacrene D-4-ol (10.6 %), whereas the leaf oil contained ÃŽ ±-pinene (30.0 %), 1,10-di-epi cubenol (22.7 %), elemol ( 13.3 %) and bornyl acetate (11.0 %). The stem oil of the plant consisted mainly of 1,10-di-epi cubenol (34.4%) and elemol (24.0 %). Evident from the above data, there are significant differences in the results of the current study with previous studies (6,7) for the aerial parts of E. macrophylla . These discrepancies are not entirely unexpected since hydrodistillation relates to the interactions of the oil constituents with water vapor. Of course, there may also be differences related to environmental conditions such as climate, altitude, collection time, ground composition of the sampling area and different growth stages such as pre-flowering, fresh flowering and air-dried-flowering stages. Conclusion The chemical composition of the essential oil of aerial parts from Eremostachys macrophylla Montbr. Auch. (Lamiaceae) growing in Sabzevar was investigated. This study showed considerable amounts of hexadecanoic acid (27.5%), ethyl linoleate (8.5%), 6-methyl-ÃŽ ±-ionone (8.0%). These major constituents were different from previous studies on the same species 5-7. These results demonstrated that the chemical composition of the essential oil of the same species can change depending on a variety of conditions, including climate, time of collection, and the ground composition of the sampling area besides of growth stages of plant. Acknowledgment We are grateful to Dr. V. Mozaffarian (Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran) for identifying the plant materials. Table 1. Constituents of the essential oils from aerial parts of Eremostachys macrophylla obtained by hydrodistillation a No. compound Formula Percentage RRIb Class 1 Limonene C10H16 0.1 1031 MHc 2 4-Terpineol C10H18O 0.1 1179 OMd 3 Fenchyl acetate C12H20O2 0.4 1223 OM 4 Anethole C10H12O 0.1 1285 OM 5 ÃŽ ±-Copaene C15H24 0.2 1364 SHe 6 ÃŽ ²- Bourbonene C15H24 0.8 1385 SH 7 ÃŽ ²-Cubebene C15H24 0.1 1390 SH 8 Tetradecane C14H30 0.1 1400 NHf 9 ÃŽ ²-Caryophyllene C15H24 0.3 1418 SH 10 ÃŽ ±-Guaiene C15H24 0.1 1439 SH 11 Aromadendrene C15H24 0.6 1442 SH 12 ÃŽ ±-Humulene C15H24 2.0 1452 SH 13 (E)-ÃŽ ²-Farnesene C15H24 0.1 1457 SH 14 Germacrene D C15H24 4.3 1480 SH 15 ÃŽ ²-Ionone C13H20O 0.2 1488 OM 16 Bicyclogermacrene C15H24 0.7 1500 SH 17 ÃŽ ³-Cadinene C15H24 0.6 1515 SH 18 6-Methyl-ÃŽ ±-ionone C14H22O 8.0 1518 OM 19 ÃŽ ´-Cadinene C15H24 3.5 1522 SH 20 Cadina-1,4-diene C15H24 0.1 1533 SH 21 Germacrene D-4-ol C15H26O 0.6 1574 OSg 22 Spathulenol C15H24O 1.5 1578 OS 23 Caryophyllene oxide C15H24O 0.5 1583 OS 24 Humulene epoxide II C15H24O 1.7 1608 OS 25 Ï„-Muurolol C15H26O 1.4 1643 OS 26 ÃŽ ±-Cadinol C15H26O 4.7 1656 OS 27 Tetradecanoic acid C14H28O2 1.8 1760 NH 28 Octadecane C18H38 0.4 1800 NH 29 6,10,14-Trimethyl-2-Pentadecanone, C18H36O 1.7 1848 NH 30 2-Hydroxy-Cyclopentadecanone C15H28O2 0.4 1853 NH 31 Pentadecanoic acid C15H30O2 0.3 1867 NH 32 Isobutyl phthalate C16H22O4 5.8 1877 NH 33 Cyclohexadecane C16H32 0.3 1883 NH 34 16-methyl-Oxacyclohexadecan-2-one, C16H30O2 0.3 1943 NH 35 Sandaracopimara-8(14),15-diene C20H32 2.5 1969 DHh 36 di-Butylphthalate C16H22O4 0.9 1973 NH 37 Hexadecanoic acid C16H32O2 27.5 1977 NH 38 Eicosane C20H42 2.0 2000 NH 39 Heptadecanoic acid C17H34O2 0.4 2065 NH 40 Methyl linoleate C19H34O2 0.6 2084 NH 41 Phytol C20H40O 0.4 2111 ODi 42 (Z,Z)-9,12-Octadecadienoic acid C18H32O2 2.7 2136 NH 43 Ethyl linoleate C20H36O2 8.5 2164 NH 44 Octadecanoic acid C18H36O2 2.3 2172 NH Total identified 91.6 a The compounds have been arranged according to their retention indices on an HP-5 MS capillary column b Kovatz retention indices given in the literature c Monoterpene hydrocarbons d Oxygenated monoterpene e Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons f Nonterpene hydrocarbons g Oxygenated sesquiterpene hDiterpene hygrocarbon iOxygenated diterpene References 1. Mozaffarian, V. (1996), A Dictionary of Iranian plant names, Frhang Moaser, Tehran, pp. 207-208. 2. Rechinger,K.H. (1982). Eremostachys, in: Flora Iranica, Labiatae No. 150. Edits., K.H. Rechinger and I.C. Hedge, Pp 290-292, Akademische Druck and Verlagsanstalt, Graz, Austria. 3. Al-Jaber, H.I., Al-Qudah, M.A., Barhoumi, L.M., Abaza, I.F., Afifi, F.U. (2012). Variation in the essential oil composition of Eremostachys laciniata from Jordan at different flowering stages, J. Essent. Oil Res. 24(3): 289-297. 4. Esmaeili, A. (2012). Biological activities of Eremostachys laevigata Bunge. grown in Iran, Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., 25(4): 803-808. 5. Rustaiyan, A., Masoudi, S., Ezzatzadeh, E., Akhlaghi, H., Aboli, J. (2011). Composition of the Aerial Part, Flower, Leaf and Stem Oils of Eremostachys macrophylla Montbr. Auch. and Eremostachys labiosa Bunge. from Iran, J Essent. Oil Bear. Pl., 14(1): 84-88. 6. Javidnia, K., Miri, R., Soltani, M., Khosravi, A.R. (2008). Essential oil composition of two species of Eremostachys from Iran (E. adenantha Jaub. et spach and E. macrophylla Montbr. et auch. J. Essent. Oil Res., 20(3): 226-228. 7.Nori-Shargh D., Kiaei, S.M., Deyhimi, F. (2007). The volatile constituents analysis of Eremostachys macrophylla Montbr. Auch. from Iran, Nat. Prod. Res., 21(8):733-5. 8. Amiri, H., Meshkat Al Sadat, M.H., Lari Yazdi, H. (2007). Chemical composition of the essential oil of Eremostachys Laevigata bung, DARU J.Pharm. Sci., 15(1):34-40. 9. Navaei, M.N., Mirza, M. (2006). Chemical composition of the oil of Eremostachys laciniata (L.) Bunge from Iran, Flavour. Frag. J., 21(4): 645-646. 10. Imran, M., Mehmood, R., Mughal, U.R., Ali, B., Malik, A. (2012). Vicarin, a new isoflavone from Eremostachys vicaryi, J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res., 14(3): 293-296. 11. Ali, B., Mehmood, R., Mughal, U.R., Malik, A., Safder, M., Hussain, R., Imran, M., Tareen, R.B. (2012). Eremosides A-C, New Iridoid Glucosides from Eremostachys loasifolia, Helv. Chim. Acta, 95(4): 586-593. 12. Mughal, U.R., Fatima, I., Malik, A., Tareen, R.B. (2010). Loasifolin, a new flavonoid from Eremostachys loasifolia, J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res., 12(4): 328-330. 13. Calis, I., Guevenc, A., Armagan, M., Koyuncu, M., Gotfredsen, C.H., Jensend, S.R. (2008). Secondary metabolites from Eremostachys laciniata, Nat. Prod. Commun., 3(2): 117-124. 14. Delazar, A., Modarresi, M., Nazemiyeh, H., Fathi-Azad, F., Nahar, L., Sarker, S.D. (2008). Furanolabdane diterpene glycosides from Eremostachys laciniata, Nat. Prod. Commun., 3(6): 873-876. 15. Calis, I., Guvenc, A., Armagan, M., Koyuncu, M., Gotfredsen, C.H. Jensen, S.R. (2007). Iridoid glucosides from Eremostachys moluccelloides Bunge, Helv. Chim. Acta, 90(8): 1461-1466. 16. Delazar, A., Modarresi, M., Shoeb, M., Nahar, L., Reid, R.G., Kumarasamy, Y., Majinda, R.R.T., Sarker, S.D. (2006). Eremostachiin: a new furanolabdane diterpene glycoside from Eremostachys glabra, Nat. Prod. Res., 20(2): 167-172. 17. R.P. Adams, (2007). Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry, 4th Edition. Allured Publishing Corporation, Carol Stream, IL, USA.

History of Private Security

History of Private Security Cortez Jefferies Introduction to Security: Operations and Management Gayle Fisher-Stewart University Of Maryland University College 23 October 2011 Private security industry in the United States can be traced as far back as the mid nineteenth century, where they were primarily used to help fill the gaps created by public police forces in major cities that were just forming. Over the years the role of private security has changed, from its simplest form of protecting people, property, and information to a more complex form, of individuals and businesses that provide, for a fee, services to clientele to protect their persons, their private property, or their interests from various hazards. Early in its existence training for private security was non-existent or inadequate at best, over the years training has evolved and with that evolution came strict standards and guidelines. Unlike in Europe, where public law enforcement emerged out of private security, in the United States private security emerged out of public law enforcement. Europeans brought many of the methods they used to protect people and property with them when they immigrated to the United States in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. The positions of constable, watchman, and sheriff were borrowed from the English and were used to establish the first system of public law enforcement in the United States. As rapid growth occurred in the West throughout the early 1800s, it became clear that constables and watchmen weren't going to be able to provide the expansive services necessary to protect people and their property (Stone, 2002). It wasn't until the late 1700s that municipal police agencies were implemented in major American cities. Established in 1844, the New York City police department provided twenty- four-hour police protection to its citizens. Thirty years later, most large cities had a similar system of public law enforcement; yet this system was not enough to keep pace with the rapidly growing American society (Stone, 2002). One of the first private security agencies to come into existence was Pinkerton's North West Police Agency in 1855. The agency offered private watchmen services for rail yards and industrial complexes. In 1859, Perry Brink started Brink's Inc. as a freight and package delivery service. A few decades later, Brinks Inc. evolved into the country's first armored car and courier service. By the early 1900s, numerous former federal agents and detectives had opened up their own private security companies to include the first burglar alarm service (Maine, 2011). Between 1929 and 1939, private security employment declined as a result of the Great Depression but rebounded between 1940 and 1945, due to the need to protect the United States infrastructure and military and industrial facilities during World War II, the use of private security increased. After World War II, private security once again began to grow, due to many returning veterans, with military police experience selecting police work and private security as occupations (Ortmeier, 2009). In 1955, a group of security professionals formed the American Society for Industrial Security (ASIS). Today, ASIS International’s membership exceeds 37,000, making it the preeminent organization for security professionals (American Society for Industrial Security [ASIS], 2011). Private security is a fast-growing industry. The Department of Labor predicts a healthy double-digit growth rate through 2016. Statistics on the number of individuals involved in this market are difficult to ascertain because of an extremely high turnover rate and because the term â€Å"security worker† admits of different interpretations. However, there are some credible approximations (Maine, 2011). The U. S. Department of Labor estimated the number of private security workers in 2007 at slightly over one million-about twice the number of police officers in the United States. Private security agencies themselves are often quite large. The largest security firm operating in the United states is Securitas, whose employees number more than 125,000 worldwide and whose revenues exceeded $7 billion in 2002. Human-Rights First estimate that there are almost 180,000 security workers in Iraq alone (Maine, 2011). The median wage for security workers in the United states is $10. 85 per hour ($22,570 per year), this might account in part for the high turnover rate. Salary seems to be proportional to risk. Blackwater security employees are alleged to have earned close to $1000 per day to guard U. S ambassador to Iraq Paul Bremer (Maine, 2011). Although training for the private security sector has come a long way over the years. Many of the personnel working as private security agents and guards are inadequately screened, trained, and supervised to ensure effective police work. Due to these reasons, there has been a big push for improvements in the quality of private security training. Private security organizations are being encouraged to pursue accreditations for the company as well as its employees. Private security organizations are being required to carry general liability insurance or that security personnel be bonded following a minimum level of training and certification, with the amount of training and size of bonding dependent on the degree of risk associated with the nature of the job (Forst, 2002) . Virginia Security officers are required to be licensed by DCJS (Department of Criminal Justice Services). To be licensed as an unarmed security officer one must go through 18 hours of classroom training from a licensed instructor in order to obtain this card and it must be done by the end of their 90 days after hire with a Security company. Every two years the card must be renewed, by completing an in-service with a licensed instructor. To be licensed as an armed security officer one must complete an additional 16 hours of firearms training, 6 hours of training n conducting a lawful arrest, and qualification with the type and caliber of weapon they intend to carry. Firearms endorsements must be renewed annually by completing an in-service and passing a firearms qualification. Licensed armed security officers are authorized under state code to arrest for any offense committed in their presence while they are on duty at the location they are hired to protect. They may also be granted t he authority by the chief law enforcement officer in their jurisdiction to issue summons to appear in court for felonies and misdemeanors. As the security field diversified in the 1980s and became more responsive to the needs of business, a management model quickly began to dominate how security was perceived and what its functions would be. Security practitioners and innovative business managers began to view the functions of security as an essential component of business. As a result, security departments were incorporated into the organizational culture of many companies, and security managers were hired to oversee the security department and work collaboratively with other department managers. Security managers began to be perceived as professionals in their field, and this helped to enhance the image of security personnel, giving them greater credibility with their colleagues and the public (Stone, 2002). Given this long and varied history, it is not surprising that private security continues to undergo significant changes in its form and function. Still, agreement among academicians and practitioners about what its form and function should be remains elusive. References Stone, Mischelle Taylor. (2002). Private Security. Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment. Retrieved October 23, 2011, from http://sage-ereference. com. ezproxy. umuc. edu/view/crimepunishment/n327 Forst, Brian. (2002). Police Privatization. Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment. Retrieved October 23, 2011, from http://sage-ereference. com. ezproxy. umuc. edu/view/crimepunishment/n307 Ortmeier, P. J. (2011). Introduction to Security: Operations and Management (3rd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Maine, E. W. (2011, March 6). Private Security Industry. American Business Organization. Retrieved from http://maerican-business. org/

Politics in Modern Film (V for Vendetta)

The film I focused on for this essay, V for Vendetta, was filmed and produced in 2006 by Warner Brothers. The plot of the film circulates around a mysterious and charismatic masked freedom fighter being hunted down by the totalitarian British government in the near future. Although his full identity is kept a mystery throughout the film, audiences learn he was a victim of a cruel scientific experiment involving â€Å"unwanted† British citizens and hormonal drugs.He spends decades planning out his revenge on those involved. While making preparations for both his revenge and a nation-wide revolution, the character known only as V has a run-in with a young woman working for the broadcasting station he later taking hostage. The day he takes the station hostage, the woman named Evey recognizes him as the same man who rescued her one night from crooked British patrolmen prowling the streets. Evey comes to his aid as V is almost caught and she is knocked unconscious in the process.Th e rest of the film leads audiences into the ever-thickening plot as a detective investigates and attempts to track down the â€Å"terrorist† only to discover an even more sinister power behind the deaths of thousands of British citizens: their own government. Putting this film into a category based on its intended audience was a challenge. The film expresses values both of the mass and subgroup categories. The values shown are ones that indirectly praise American government for its constitutional rights of religion, press and speech, but it also promotes ideas of anarchy.Although both views have their strong arguing points in the film, I believe this film expressed more mass values. This is because the criteria for subgroup values demands that the public must be largely portrayed as being stupid and counter-active to the goal at hand. However, in this film, V must rely solely on the public‘s participation in order to carry through his vision of freedom. In a televised s peech to the populace, V makes claims that have resounding similarities to our Constitution and Declaration of Independence. Fairness, justice and freedom are more than words. They are prospectives. † He says. This is, in my mind, one of the most profound quotes in the film, behind his other statement that †people should not be afraid of their governments; governments should be afraid of their people. † The timing of the film and its statements on war point directly to America’s involvement in the war on terror and to President George Bush. The movie was filmed in 2005, only two years after the official war in Iraq was launched.The High Chancellor in the film, Adam Suttler, is described as being an ultra-conservative man with no understanding of political process. This parallel seems to encourage a commonly debated political theme pointed out in the White House by Americans opposed to the invasion and the war overseas. The film even makes a blatant statement about America being in an on-going war that deprived it of its wealth and resources. A line reads: â€Å"They were a country who had everything, absolutely everything; and now, 20 years later is what?The world’s biggest leaper colony. † There are still many Americans today who have strong aversion to the presence of American military forces in Iraq and Afghanistan. â€Å"The Voice of England†, the a man revered as the biggest spokesperson in the English broadcasting sector, delivers a line in the film as he goes down the list of people unwanted and banished from the country’s boarders. This list, in addition to teens with sexually transmitted diseases and homosexuals, names Muslims specifically.In 2005, there was still unease in America about Muslim-Americans and risks they might pose to national security, much like the unrest about American-Japanese citizens that marked the time after the onset of World War II. Detective Finch, the detective working the V case to track him down before the revolutionary date, has a discussion with his partner after unearthing facts about the government. â€Å"If your government was responsible for the deaths of almost a hundred thousand people, would you really want to know? This observation has striking similarity to theories voiced by a small portion of society who claim the attacks on the World Trade Center were carried out by our own government. The number 5 is a common theme in the film: the number of V’s cell in the concentration camp, the fifth of November being the date of the revolution, and the number of branches to the British government [they call the branches the nose, eyes, finger, ear and mouth]. This is also the number of branches of our military: The Army, the Marine Corps, the Navy, the Air force and Homeland Security Coast Guard.Whether or not this parallel is intentional, it is one I noticed. A blacklist is also mentioned in the film after Chancellor Suttler demands the 1812 Overture, which played during the Old Bailey Statue’s explosion, be added to the back list so he may â€Å"never hear it again. † This is the only Cold War reference in the film which tells me is was intended to be a more general statement about government censorship and control of information made available to the public.One political, or even social, statement made in the film that I agree with is Finch’s statement about how this †terrorist† still has human emotions, shown by his taking and protection of Evey after she rescues him. I believe one man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter and people will always be at odds with each other. It is important to remember that even the most violent people do have passions and concerns. When one fights that hard for something, it obviously means a great deal to them. People are quick to forget about the humanity element in wars.During the investigation, Finch and his partner watch V on a video monitor as he stands over Evey’s unconscious body. Finch’s partner says, â€Å"He’s a terrorist. You can’t expect him to act like you or me. † Finch, who sees that V took the girl to protect her out of compassion, responds with â€Å"some part of him is human†. Another statement made that I agreed with was one that also amused me. Detective Finch is searching for records of the concentration camp that supposedly imprisoned V years ago, but has little luck finding any.He says, â€Å"One thing is true of all governments; the most reliable records are tax records. † Isn’t that true? This movie used many effective avenues of media to reach its audience. It included and alluded to several other pieces of literature and music within the film itself, which was a very clever device used to influence audience members to explore those hints individually. Literature seen in the film like â€Å"The Count of Mote Cristo† and the theatrical play â€Å"Faust† may also hold clues to political statements made even more subliminally in the film if evaluated within the context.