Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Busines Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Busines Law - Research Paper Example Under the execution terms of his estate, the car belonged to his relative Uncle Sam. b) Curtis gave his car keys to the hotel guard of Hotel Ritz, a very renowned and expensive hotel and expected the guard to carry out a duty of care by executing reasonable foresight. Even though he failed to inform the guard about the expensive fur jacket in the trunk of the car, it was the duty of the guard to make sure that the car was parked properly and that a check was kept on it in order to ensure that it did not get stolen. The hotel and the guard both owed a duty of care to Curtis when he checked in and gave the guard his car keys, and did not expect them to be so negligent in handling his belongings. Therefore, Curtis will be successful in holding the hotel and the guard liable for the damage caused to him due to the loss of his car and his coat and can make them pay for both, because it was the duty of the hotel and the guard to make sure that his car as well as everything inside it were i ntact and safe in the hands of the parking lot and guards. The hotel should have taken precautionary measures and not been negligent in letting his car get stolen. c) In the case of Terry, Stocks and Lock, the possession of the money will go to Lock because the motel was in his possession and Stocks and Terry had been hired by him in order to renovate and not take any moveable or immoveable property from the location. Lock had full ownership over the motel and thus everything inside it belonged to him, and was his decision with respect to what he wanted to do with the moveable property. The money should be characterized as mislaid abandoned or lost because whoever had put it there had left it and left the motel with little or no intention to return. In any case, the property had become part of the motel after it had been abandoned there and thus was in possession of Lock. II. d) â€Å"Statute of frauds as applicable to the sale of goods— The actual contract does not need to be in writing. Just some note or memo must be in writing and signed. However, the UCC exception to the signature requirement is where written confirmation is received and not objected to within 10 days [ §2-201(2)]† Thus according to this rule laid down by the UCC, Rupari was under the obligation to pay the entire amount even though the contract was not in writing because it was fixed orally and a confirmation was received on part of Rupari to deliver the pork goods which was not adhered to. However, the exception may be considered and taken into account here because it clearly states that written confirmation should have been received which was not indeed received by the company. III. a) A contract had been formulated between Mackey and Pride with regard to the shipping of the Greenie Brand Peas via Fast Freight Lines. However, a fire destroys all the thousand boxes of peas and the shipment was not able to be transferred through to Mackey. However, even though Mackeyâ€℠¢s name and address was printed on each and every box and ready to be sent, Mackey will not have to suffer the loss that was caused to Pride because the peas never reached Mackey. The peas were not even en route to Mackey when they got burnt in the fire and thus the responsibility lies completely within Pride’s ability to get back their loss through means of insurance because even

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Financial Motivation And Non Financial Motivation Business Essay

Financial Motivation And Non Financial Motivation Business Essay It is commonly believed that the majority of people aim to earn money to meet their satisfaction. In point of the view, it exactly meets Taylors theory which approach to a fair days pay for fair days work advocates utilizing financial motivation to inspire employees passion (Tutor2U, n d). According to Hall et al (2008), financial motivation can be defined as the way of using money chiefly to encourage employees. Nevertheless, half factor that motivate employees be willing to work with passion have been mentioned in Maslow hierarchy theory are nonfinancial motivational methods. However, after taking financial and non-financial methods of motivation into account in the work place, it is judged that non-financial motivation is the most valuable for companies to encourage their employees. Although it is stated that financial motivation methods have benefits to both supervisors and employees, the negative impacts of that are caused simultaneously. According to Hall et al (2008), the core of Taylor theory is money, which is relevant to the financial methods of motivation, including fringe benefits (benefits which received above wages and salary) and piece rates (employees are paid by how many items they produce in a period of time). An agricultural employee management consultant, Gregory Billikopf, examined thoroughly the productivity of two groups of farm employees, one group was paid hourly, and the other one is paid by piece rate. The result of the research is that the efficiency of the latter group was four to eight times higher than the former one (Ucanr, 2009). It is obviously proved that piece rate not only enhances to the employees passion on work, but also enhances the productivity of the company. However, piece rate as one of the financial motivation methods h as caused some disadvantages. The more products employees produce, the more money they can earn. Therefore, they probably will not focus on the quality, but on quantity (Tutor2U, n d). In this circumstance, the company is plunged into scrapes in which supervisors not only pays the employees, but also produces inferior goods. Additionally, once a company uses fringe benefits to encourage employees to reach higher targets, the cost of the company will increase dramatically by extensively offering the extra benefits to employees (Tutor2U, n d.). In brief, because money is the solely essence of financial motivation, employees probably will not take appropriate responsibility to the company. After the above analysis of the benefits and risks of financial motivational methods, it is worth exploring non-financial motivational methods from two aspects; namely, esteem needs and safety needs which had been advanced in Maslows hierarchy theory (Tutor2U, n d). To begin with, esteem needs are essential to motivate employees when they achieve objectives in their duty. Employees will receive respect from their colleagues and superiors. In 2001, a Gallup poll indicated that almost nineteen percent of employees were dissatisfied with their jobs, since they were seldom respected or recognized by their supervisors when working (Swlearning, 2003). Obviously, the more recognition employees receive, the stronger sense of confidence the employees will have. Once their confidence is enhanced appropriately, it will probably bring unique enjoyment which money cannot balance. Most importantly, this sense of confidence contributes making them to feel their talents are recognized and trusted. Therefore, the more passion will be involved by the employees into work (Hall, 2008). Hence, esteem needs play a key role in motivating employees to achieve higher targets. Safety needs which have been mentioned in Maslows hierarchy of needs (Hall et al, 2008), including job safety, are one of the most widely recognized non-financial motivational methods. An attractive working place should be well quipped with fire alarms, smoke sensors, safety doors and extinguisher. Job safety is regarded as a factor of whether the staff will continue working there. It can prevent workers from confronting dangerous situations. In 2010, one of the worlds largest pharmaceutical firms employed a gas analyzer to test the air quality after the employees complained that there was a serious odour in the office. The result of the test was that there were nearly 25 compounds in the air (Envirotech, 2010). In this instance, employees are more willing to work if there is a healthy environment in which employees can avoid being injured. Employees can work more efficiently if they are equipped with safety measures. In a broad sense, job security should also include safety insuranc e for workers. With safety insurance, workers can minimize potential loss once the disaster occurs. All in all, an attractive working place should be acknowledged to be safe which employees will have a sense of safety. In summary, financial motivation (fringe benefits and piece rates) advantages of both employees and companies in some aspects; however, the drawbacks of financial motivation far outweigh its benefits. For instance, albeit employees can benefit from piece rate, otherwise, the low quality product will probably plunge the company into scrapes. In this point of view, non-financial motivation methods which were advanced in Maslows hierarchy theory are more efficient and have played a significant role in encouraging employees to work with enormous passion, for example, esteem needs (respect and reorganization), and safety needs (job security). These non-financial motivations provide a significant environment for employee to work with passion and willing to take responsibility in to the work. It is suggested that non-financial motivational methods will probably be a leading factor for employees to work with passion. Reference: Envirotech(2010) Portable FTIR Verifies Safe Working Environment Available at: http://www.envirotech-online.com/news/air-monitoring/6/quantitech/portable_ftir_verifies_safe_working_environment/8577/ [Accessed 13-3-2010] Hall. D, R Jones, C. Raffo, A. Anderson. (2008) Business Studies, 4th edition. Haddington [Accessed 13-3-2010] Swlearning(2003) Management, Fighting the System Available at ¼Ã… ¡ http://www.swlearning.com/management/management_news/motivation_0902_001.html [Accessed 13-3-2010] Tutor2u Subject: People, Topic: Motivating employee-financial rewards Available at ¼Ã… ¡ http://tutor2u.net/business/gcse/people_motivation_financial_rewards.htm [Accessed 13-3-2010] Tutor2u (n d) Motivation in Theory- Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Available at: http://tutor2u.net/business/people/motivation_theory_maslow.asp [Accessed 13-3-2010] Tutor2U (n d) Subject: People-motivation theory Available at: http://tutor2u.net/business/gcse/people_motivation_theories.htm [Accessed 13-3-2010] Ucanr(2009) Agricultural Labor Management Effective Piece-Rate Pay Management Available at ¼Ã… ¡ http://ucanr.org/delivers/impactview.cfm?impactnum=238 [Accessed 13-3-2010]

Friday, October 25, 2019

Essay --

Over the years, scientists have wondered whether the Earth is the only space body that is capable of sustaining life. There is evidence to support both theories, but we still don't know for sure that we are not the only kind of life out there. There are different space bodies that are most important to have life in them; some of these places are Mars, Europa, Titan, Enceladus, and Ganymede and Calysto. One of the main reasons why scientists strongly believe that there is a good chance of life in Mars is because there is sufficient facts to imply that it had running water on its surface millions of years ago. There’s also evidence that ice and water existed on this planet. This evidence supports scientists who believe that life existed at some point on Mars. This data was discovered when the images taken from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter captured some characteristics of the planet's surface. Scientists believe it was created by the melting ice. Also in May 2009, images of an unmanned spaceship showed what it seemed to look like drops on the surface that appeared to be built during the time of the mission of the spacecraft on Mars. Another place that has scientists believes life is a moon of Jupiter, Europa. Some o f them believe that there is a giant, active salty ocean beneath its surface. This indicates that there is significant activity underneath that frozen surface. Another sign of life in Europe includes formations that looked like icebergs emerging from its surface, suggesting that oceans once covered the planet before it froze. The third space body where scientists think there is life is on one of Saturn's moons, called Enceladus. There are images taken by the Cassini spacecraft orbiting Saturn, proved that there are ice ... ...anisms found on Earth, there too. While there are many reasons to believethat there islife on other planets, however, there are some reasons that explain how extraterrestrial lifewould not be even possible. One of these arguments holds that extraterrestrial life should be very rare due to the time it takes for life to evolve is much longer than that of the existence of a star. Other reasons are that some planets in our solar system are eitherwaytoo hot orway too cold for life, and in some of them rains different kind chemicals, therefore, is potentially unlikely to life to exist on these space bodies. From my own point of view, I believe that there might be life on other planets. It may or may not be intelligent life, but life nonetheless. With evidence of water ice in the space bodies mentioned above there is a good chance that there could be life in those places.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Effect of Solvent Exposure and Temperature on Beet Cell Membrane

The Effect of Solvent Exposure and Temperature on Beet Cell Membrane Integrity Introduction: Cell membranes are vital to proper cellular function †¢ Cell membranes consist of a lipid bilayer made up of phospholipids †¢ Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules meaning they have a dual nature in that they show both hydrophilic (water-loving) and hydrophobic (water-fearing) properties †¢ The amphipathic nature of phospholipids causes them to spontaneously form bilayers in water based solutions o The inner and outer surfaces of the bilayers are hydrophilic and can interact with the aqueous environment, while the core of the bilayer is hydrophobic and able to exclude water and other polar molecules o Because of these properties, phospholipids bilayers are able to serve multiple functions including: ? act as barriers to protect the cell from the outside environment ? house proteins and carbohydrates necessary for cell to cell and extracellular communication ? rganize and prov ide surface areas for metabolic reactions †¢ While the phospholipids bilayer is a highly organized system with multiple functions, it is also highly dynamic and can be functionally described using the fluid mosaic model (FMM) o FMM characterizes the phospholipids bilayer of the cell membrane as highly dynamic and fluid meaning that the position (location) of any given phospholipids in the membrane is not fixed but fluid; thus, individual phospholipids can change positions are needed based on the current conditions. o Similarly proteins and carbohydrates are generally mobile in the membrane as well. †¢ This experiment was aimed at investigating the conditions that affect cell membrane integrity. o Because cell membranes are part of a living system they are sensitive to environmental conditions o Like most biological systems, cell membranes show a relatively narrow range of function with respect to pH, temperature, and exposure to organic solvents †¢ The experimental mo del employed was red beets Red beet cells contain large, membrane bound central vacuoles that house a pigment, betacyanin o When cell and vacuole membranes are in tact, betacyanin in contained within the cell o If the cell and vacuole membranes are disrupted, betacyanin can leak in the surrounding solution turning it pink o Higher amounts of membrane damage will lead to more leakage of betacyanin pigment from the cells. The more pigment present the higher the absorbance reading. o Therefore, betacyanin release, as determined by measuring absorbance, serves as a proxy for quantifying membrane damage. †¢ In this experiment, we tested the effect of changing two environmental conditions on cell membrane integrity.First, we tested the effect of temperature on cell membranes o To accomplish this we exposed beet cells to temperatures ranging from -5(C to 70(C o Because cell membranes maintain integrity under a narrow range of conditions, we hypothesize that exposure to higher temperat ures (50-70(C) and extreme low temperatures (-5(C) will cause severe damage to the cell membranes which will result in higher amounts of betacyanin being released from the cells. †¢ We also tested the effect of exposing beet cells to two different solvents o Methanol and acetone are organic solvents capable of dissolving hydrophobic species such as phospholipids o Acetone is generally considered a stronger organic solvent compared with methanol o Thus, we hypothesize that exposure to acetone will cause more damage to beet cell membranes compared with exposure to methanol.Additionally, we hypothesize that higher concentrations of acetone will cause more damage than lower concentrations. Similarly, higher concentrations of methanol will also cause more damage. Results (the data numbers are for example only and meant to reflect the general trend in the class; data from individual groups will vary): †¢ Experiment 1: The effect of temperature on cell membrane integrity o We tes ted the effect of exposing beet cells to various temperatures ranging from -5(C to 70(C. (Question) o To do this, uniform pieces of beet were placed in empty test tubes then incubated at a specific temperature. (How the question was addressed) ?Following this water was added to the test tube and the cells were incubated for 20 minutes. ? After incubation, the water was transferred to a clean tube and absorbance at 425 nm was determined. o Absorbace readings were similar at temperatures of 5? C, 25? C, 40? C, 55? C, and 70? C (A425 0. 25-0. 30) (Figure 1) (Experimental data) o Incubation at -5? C showed a dramatic increase in absorbance (A460 = 0. 95) (Figure 1) (Experimental data) o We conclude from this data that temperatures ranging from 5-70? C have only minor effects on cell membrane integrity. In contrast; exposure of cells to a temperature below freezing causes much more membrane damage. (Conclusion) Experiment 2: The effect of solvent on cell membrane integrity o We tested wh ether exposure to two different organic solvents, methanol and acetone, disrupted cell membrane integrity (Question) o Beet cells were incubated in 10%, 25%, and 50% methanol or 10%, 25%, and 50% acetone. Additionally, additionally cells were also incubated in saline, a solvent that mimics physiological conditions. (How the question was addressed) ? Following exposure to solvent, membrane damage was determined by measuring absorbance. o Incubation in 10% or 25% methanol yielded absorbance readings of 0. 2 and 0. 25 respectively; however, incubation in 50% methanol showed an increase in absorbance to 0. 5. Figure 2) (Experimental data) o Incubation in 10% or 25% acetone produced higher absorbance readings compared to the same concentrations of methanol (0. 4 and 0. 42 respectively). Similar to 50% methanol, 50% acetone yielded the highest absorbance reading of 0. 8 (Figure 2). (Experimental data) o Taken together, these data show that acetone causes more membrane damage than methanol and that concentrations of 50% solvent are more damaging than lower concentrations. (Conclusion) Overall Conclusion: †¢ We hypothesized that temperatures outside of the normal physiological range would disrupt membrane integrity causing betacyanin to leak out of the cells. Our data shows that our hypothesis was partly correct, low temperature, -5? C, inflicts the most damage to cell membranes while higher temperatures, ranging from 55-70? C induce little damage when compared with physiological temperatures. †¢ We also hypothesized that exposure to high concentration organic solvents would disrupt membrane integrity and that acetone, being a stronger solvent, would show more damage than methanol. o In this case our hypothesis was support. Acetone showed more damage as measured by betacyanin release than methanol. Additionally, the highest concentration of each solvent showed the most damage. Data: [pic] Figure 1: The effect of temperature on cell membrane integrity.Cells w ere exposed to temperatures ranging from -5C to 70C. Following incubation at the indicated temperature, water was added and the cells were allowed to incubate at room temperature for 20 minutes. Damage to cell membrane integrity was assessed by quantifying leakage of the pigment betacyanin via measuring light absorbance at 460 nm. [pic] Figure 2: The effect of solvent on cell membrane integrity. Cells were incubated in the presence of methanol, acetone, or saline at the indicated concentrations. Following incubation, damage to cell membrane integrity was assessed by quantifying leakage of the pigment betacyanin via measuring light absorbance at 460 nm.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Hovey & Beard Co. Essay

Description Hovey and Beard Company is a manufacturing industry in which specializes in a wide array of wooden toys and things of the like. The process begins in the wood room where toys are manufactured and transformed through a cut, sand, and partial assembly process. Toys are then dipped into shellac (varnish) and sent to the painting room. Painting was always completed by hand for many years until demand increase became too much. The painting operation was altered so that the painters sat in an assembly line where they would take toys off of hooks and spray them to then place them back on the hook for drying. The speed of the hook line was designed so that each trained painter would have enough time to grab a toy, spray it, and hang it back up before the next one arrived. With change in development came change in benefits. Painters were paid on a group bonus plan and would receive a learning bonus for training hours that would periodically decrease in sum each month. The six month learning period was set in place to vanish after said time when all employees were expected to be comfortable with the new system – that is, able to meet production standard and earn a group bonus when exceeded. After two months of training, it seemed to show that painters were learning more slowly than anticipated and it began to look as though production would fall far below what was planned. Many hooks were going by empty and painters complained that the process wasn’t working well resulting in job replacements. Complicating the learning process further, one painter whom the group regarded as its leader was outspoken in taking the complaints of the group. Complaints showed, the job was messy, hooks moved too fast, pay incentive was not correctly calculated, and working conditions were hot from being so close to the dryer. Overall, employees became increasingly disheartened, morale was low, and they felt as though  they wouldn’t be able to reach their bonus payments and work was meaningless. Diagnosis Hovey and Beard Co. has a list of issues due to values, or lack there of, pertaining mainly to employee emotions. Employees were unmotivated to work due to lack of communication with the management during the time of operation and manufacturing changes. Painters had gone from consistent pay doing something they were all very highly skilled at to being dropped to training for a new system of work that was uncomfortable and unbeneficial due to compensation and working conditions. This all lead further to a low self-esteem in the workers and a whittled self-worth or wealth. Work no longer reflected personal achievement but a group evaluation which was unfair for certain workers. Without achievement and without reward, there is nothing to work for. The painters disheartened would have rather quit than continue to work unhappily doing something they once enjoyed. Work was once flexible and beneficial for the painters but due to lack of respect was now focused only on the goals of the company. The learning period is when things began to show first signs of failure. Workers became disheartened when they couldn’t complete the job properly after six months of training. Work was highly inefficient as hooks were being missed and toys weren’t being completed. The workers personal perception was as failures. They looked at themselves like they couldn’t do their own job, decreased motivation, and increased self doubt. Hertzberg’s hygiene factors are an accurate representation of this case. Hygiene factors are based on the need for a business to avoid unpleasantness at work. If these factors are considered inadequate by employees, then they can cause dissatisfaction with work. Hovey and Beard’s company policy along with the administration, wages, employee to employer relations, and working conditions lacked positive hygiene factors. Steady wages were not implemented by Hovey and Beard for workers. Working conditions became miserable as the hook line was too fast and closely located to the dryer making workers flustered and uncomfortably hot. Employer management worked  in a very irresponsible and unethical manner. Solution Hovey and Beard Company have many issues as we just discussed but all of which, in my opinion, can be fixed. Things began to look bright for the company when management decided to have meetings with employees and discuss what changes should be made. Through an increase in communication employee and employer relationships brighten in which trust and respect is obtained. The speed of the hooks was the center of discussion and the main cause of the emotional and value issues within the company. As we see in the case, giving the different options of hook assembly speed, production increased, employees felt motivated and passionate about work again, and steady base pay along with bonus’ were being met. This is where I believe things were working best for Hovey and Beard Co. Solving working conditions leads to the next issue of employee authority and what positions have justified influence in change of wages and work load. Management became flustered between the earnings of the painters and that of other workers in the factory. Conflict between the superintendent and the supervisor, the engineers and the supervisor, and the superintendent and the engineers led to the superintendent revoking the learning bonus for painters and returned to the old painting operation. I believe a change in management needs to occur. The superintendent should be fired and the supervisor should take the position based off of better values displayed throughout the case. In addition, working conditions should go back to the controlled speed of the hooks set by workers and not engineers. This was most beneficial to the companies production rate and also to the workers well being, mental health, positive emotions, and benefits.